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A Checklist For Successful Trimming

A Checklist For Successful Trimming

Trimming sails is a challenging crew position that requires knowledge and experience. The trimmer also needs the ability to work with the rest of the crew.

The goal of The Trimmer

The goal of the trimmer is to get the boat to perform at peak efficiency and to use that speed to outsail the competition. A good trimmer must recognise changing conditions and react accordingly. They need to take weather, sea state and tactical position on the race course into account.

The best teams set themselves up for success long before leaving the beach or dock and the trimmer is an integral part of that team.

As a trimmer, have a good understanding of what the forecasted weather is likely to be. A good trimmer also updates this information when out on the course.

Trimmers On Board Responsibilities

Once on the boat, look around your area, make sure everything is in its place and sails are packed and stowed where they are readily accessible. All unnecessary gear must be removed to ensure that the boat is as light as possible.

Inspect the sheets, blocks, winches, handles, cleats and jammers for any issues. Carry a grab bag with duct or electrical tape, lube, markers, sail repair tape and tools. Carry energy bars and drinks (include spares where appropriate).

Spray all moving shackles and clips to ensure that they will not seize at a crucial moment, replacing any that are worn or bent. Make sure there are knots at the end of halyards, that all telltales on sails are intact, and the right sails are in the right bags.

Trimmer Works With  The Tactician

As a trimmer, you can be a valuable backup to the tactician, so read and memorise the sailing instructions. Carry a rule book and notice of race in a waterproof folder for reference where necessary.

Keep target boat speeds and note down what sails are required depending on wind strengths and sea state. Have this information written on a card, plus have it prominently displayed on the boat as a reference.

This is particularly important so that everyone can understand what sail should be set and when. Being able to refer to this means each crew member will be prepared as conditions change.

Trimming sails on a dinghy or being part of the crew on a Maxi is equally rewarding. Define the mission, set parameters, prepare your trimming area, stay focused and constantly review your fastest trim will make sure you are successful.

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Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

Useful Tips For Racing Sailors to be at the front of the fleet.

Boat Preparation – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

To win you must be the best prepared, and a lack of attention in this area can mean gear or boat breakages to be able to win you must be able to finish.

Beyond that, you must have competitive equipment, efficient systems and an excellent hull finish. Carry spares for things that can be repaired on the course. Carry tools that are needed to effect those repairs.

Financing an Event – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

Look at your season and pick out the events that you would like to do. Work out whether you can attend each one and compete at the top level required with the finances you have available.

If you find that you are having to make the money stretch by scrimping on accommodation, food and equipment options, consider doing fewer events but dedicating more resources to those events.

You will find your stress levels will be reduced and the fun levels and your event success will greatly increase.

Mental Stamina – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

Are you able to keep going when things get really tough or do you let frustration get the better of you? Sleep and diet are not only important for your physical well-being but they are important for your mental state as well.

When you train, work as hard as you would if you were racing. Eat and hydrate the same way as well. Many of us practice specific things but don’t push ourselves as hard as we would if we were racing.

If your class does 3 x 45 minutes races each day, some of your training sessions should be for the same amount of time. That way you build the necessary mental stamina to carry forward to race day.

Concentration – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

In sailing, because there are so many variables, you are not able to concentrate on every variable all the time.

The best sailors pick the variables that need the most attention given the current course and conditions. They disregard the ones that won’t make much difference.

There are always plenty of distractions at your club, a regatta or around the boat park, try to concentrate on the day’s racing by thinking about the weather, the course and what you need to do to succeed.

Many top sailors I have spoken to use headphones prior to heading out on the water and play music suitable for the day to set the mood and block out unwanted distractions.

Keep a sailing Log – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

All of us have plenty going on outside sailing so trying to remember settings that worked in particular conditions. This becomes especially tricky when you may not encounter those exact conditions again for many weeks or even months.

The act of writing things down helps your memory. Keeping a sailing diary enables you to refer to it to when you encounter the same conditions again. 

Body Weight – Useful Tips For Racing Sailors

Many boats and classes we sail have an upper crew weight limit or ideal weight for best performance and many competitors get involved in yo-yo dieting to meet those weight requirements.

Changes in weight need to be gradual and balanced otherwise it can affect your ability to perform at your peak.

In a class that has a particular weight range to be competitive is to be somewhere in the middle. Of course, this is dictated to a large extent by our physical size.

When choosing a class of boat to sail, select a boat matched to their natural size.

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Understand The Effects of Current

Firstly you must understand what current is, how it acts on your boat and its effect on wind speed and direction. How to Understand The Effects of Current

Currents are driven by three main factors:

  • The rise and fall of the tides. Tides create a current in the oceans, which are strongest near the shore, and in bays and estuaries along the coast.
  • Wind. Winds drive currents that are at or near the ocean’s surface.
  • Thermohaline circulation. the movement of seawater in a pattern of flow-dependent on variations in temperature, which give rise to changes in salt content and hence in density.

Current Characteristics and Causes:

Current is faster in deep water and slower in shallow water so sail out to deeper water when the current is with you and sail in shallower water when you are sailing against the current.

Sustained, strong breezes push water in the direction of the wind; when the wind subsides, the water flows in the opposite direction.
     

Pressure systems also create current and influence tidal flows. Lows increase the height of high tides and prolong flood currents; highs push the water away, which increases the strength and duration of low tides and ebb currents.

Current is strongest around prominent points and in narrow openings such as harbour mouths. There are usually back eddies on the down-current side of islands, shoals and points. 

When a tidal-induced current begins to change direction, it changes first along the shorelines and later in the mid- channel.

Working Out Current:

One way to predict what the current will be doing on the race course is to use published charts and tables. These give a fairly accurate guide to the velocity and direction of the current that is caused by tides.

Another way is to look at fixed marks or buoys like the starting pin. Be careful not to confuse wave action with current and anchored boats will also give you a good idea about current flow.

Another important clue about the current is the appearance of the water surface. When the current is flowing toward the wind, the water will be choppier than usual. When it’s flowing away from the wind, the water is smoother.

Look also for distinct lines of separation between different water surface textures.

Racing In Current: 

When starting a race in current, be sure you have a line sight to help you judge the position of the line. When the current and wind is going in opposite directions, you’re likely to end up with multiple recalls. This is a great time to start at the leeward end (assuming you want to go left) because it will be easy to make the pin.

However, don’t start right at the committee boat, because it’s too easy to get caught barging. And be careful not to be over early, since it will take a long time to get back against the current and re-start.

Current affects your course over the bottom and therefore changes the laylines to any windward or leeward mark. When the current is pushing you away from the layline, it’s easy to underlay the mark and lose distance by trying to pinch up to the mark. The safest route is to overstand slightly — this will keep you clear of the mess of other boats and eliminate the need to make extra tacks.


When the current is pushing you toward a layline, the biggest potential mistake is overstanding. Prevent this by approaching to leeward of the “normal” layline or by avoiding the starboard layline completely until you are almost at the mark.

Current on Reaches and Runs:

On reaches and runs, the current will usually cause you to sail a longer course than necessary. Stick to the rhumbline and gain valuable distance. The best way to do this is by using a land sight.

If you can see land behind the next mark, use this to set up a range so the mark stays in the same place against the land. In the absence of a land sight, use a compass bearing to the mark and steer a course so this bearing remains constant.

Myths Regarding Current:

There is no such thing as the lee-bow effect, if you are sailing upwind directly into the current, you can’t gain by pinching to get the current on your lee bow.

Another Myth is the belief that the direction of the current favours one tack over the other. As long as the current stays the same for all boats, it doesn’t matter whether you take the up-current or down-current tack first or last.

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Secrets For Going Fast Upwind

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These days, for those of us that race, we seem to be doing more and more short, windward-leeward races. The Secrets For Going Fast Upwind will help you to get to the first mark in great shape.

The importance of Good Speed On The Upwind Leg

Arguably the upwind leg, especially the first upwind is the most telling in where we end up at the finish.

Of course, the start is very important but next, it is how we perform getting to the first mark that gives us the best chance of success.

To help us understand how to tackle the upwind legs, I interviewed Noel Drennan. Noel is a hugely accomplished sailor with a number of round-the-world races under his belt. Plus a multitude of National, World and One Design championships with his name against them.

Noel is a senior Sailmaker with North Sails in Sydney Australia. I have copied part of that interview below.

  • What’s the most important trim adjustment when you’re going upwind with the velocity up and down?

Noel I think just as simple as it is, it’s just the main sheet, it does so much in all boats, dinghies to keelboats. The main sheet is the absolute key adjustment for the balance and trim.

  • I think you are the main sheet trimmer on the Alinghi RC 44?

Noel: Most of the boats I sail on, I’ve been somewhat pigeonholed into a main sheet trimmer position, essentially, I guess because I do a lot of steering. It’s quite often that if you’re steering and you don’t have a very good main sheet trimmer. The work with the balance of the boat more so than just the trim of the sail is key.

For me, that’s the difference between the better main sheet trimmers and headsail trimmers. Main sheet trimmers essentially trim the boat to the overall balance. More so than just looking at the mainsail and reporting “it looks good today.”

  • One of the things I’ve noticed with some keelboat crews is that they feel after it happens, that they are reactive rather than proactive.

Noel: I think that’s been a very important factor for my success that I have the dinghy feel, but I’ve sailed a lot on keelboats, so you’re feeling what’s happening with the boat, it’s loading up or unloading or the mainsheet’s too tight for acceleration, whatever it is.

On a keelboat, you’ll have your instruments package that will quantify that, but if you have the feel from previous dinghy sailing you will be ahead of the instruments and that’s what you need to be.

  • You hear often that you should always sail towards the next shift, is there a reason why you should sail towards the next shift?

Noel: Not really, but it does work out usually as an advantage, it really depends if it’s more likely to be a header on one side of the course or not. I don’t think it’s always a golden rule that you should sail towards the next shift. That’s because it might be a lift and you might end up being to leeward of everybody.

  • How do clouds influence your upwind strategy?

Noel: A pretty big part of it, I’ll always look up and look at the clouds, so if I was sailing in Melbourne, for sure I’d be looking for:

  1. The sea breeze clouds building on the land or
  2. With any sort of southerly or westerly, just the cloud formations out to sea, because you’d better be going upwind to them.

Because I’ve done a reasonable amount of ocean racing, and in the Volvo ocean race you sail with really good navigators and when they come up on deck and tell you “look at the cloud, go to the right-hand side of it and you’ll be lifted, or stay away from that one”

You learn what to stay away from or if it’s safe to go towards it, which side of the clouds you’re going to be lifted and which side you’re going to be headed, so I think it’s a pretty important thing to do.

  • Should you sail for puffs or shifts?

Noel: Essentially it’s a little bit to do with the boat. If it’s a boat like in an Etchells if you’re racing in six to eight knots, it’s wind speed. Over probably 10, it’s probably shifting. Downwind in a planing boat, I go for windspeed every time.

  • You’re going out for a training day, what should you practice uphill?

Noel: I like defining my practice time pretty clearly on what the goal is for that particular training period. Essentially, I like to go and say, practice starting and do nothing else but start.

Practice holding off somebody just on the hip more so than just straight-line sailing to see how fast you are. Essentially the more difficult things.

  • What do you look for when trimming upwind sails?

Noel: I’d probably just use the leech ribbons as a bit of a guide in certain conditions to make sure I’m not too over-trimmed. Look at the leech and the telltales in the middle of the sail. Camber-wise, see if they’re lifting or they’re stuck or flowing. Also, look at the backwind from the jib on the luff of the main.

If the backwind is down low in the main, the jib cars are too low or in too far. Try to work towards getting the even backwind across the luff of the main sail.

There are things that I would talk to the jib trimmer about. “Hey, we’ve got a lot of back wind up high” a blowback from the headsail. Those things create the environment for the two of you who are working together on the package. More so than trimming the individual sails.

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Recover From A Disastrous Start

It’s important to remember that a bad start is not the end of your day, patience and keeping a cool head will generally save you from a total disaster. You can recover from a bad start.

Look for a clean exit

If your start has gone wrong, don’t panic and look for a clean exit sooner rather than later.

Be patient though, a hasty change to your pre-determined plan without considering all options may actually place you in an even worse situation.

Two things that are critical to an effective recovery are that the helmsperson must continue to sail the boat as fast as possible all the while deciding where to get clean air.

Depending on your situation though, sheets should be trimmed for footing or pointing, you need to make decisions based on what you are seeing up the track.

If you find yourself in the second row, you need power because there is less wind and more chop. The backstay needs to be eased and Cunningham released. Then the jib leads need to be moved forward to get a fuller, more powerful headsail.

The Most Common Escape To Recover From A Bad Start

The most common escape starts with gentle pinching in an attempt to get above the boats to leeward , to do this, move the traveller up and sheet a tick or two tighter than the conditions require.

This cannot be maintained for too long though and the desired result is an escape to clean air. The goal being to find a lane in which you can live in for at least two minutes.

If you need to tack for clearer air, make sure there is no one that will tack on your wind. Watch the boats around you for crew movement that may indicate a change in their direction that will affect you.

Once you have a clear lane and are now going in the planned direction, look at the fleet to see if that plan is falling into place and if not be prepared to alter the plan to suit.

If you have a bad start near the weather end it is easy to tack away to clear. Then tack back again as soon as there is a lane if you are looking to go left.

Recover from A Poor Start Midline

A poor start in the middle of the line in more difficult to extricate yourself from and generally occurs when you are late due to line sag or when a port tack boat tacks under you and establishes a lee bow.

Generally, it is a mistake to foot off below the boat on your lee bow. Conversely do not tack too early because you will then have to dip the boat to weather. That boat then has a chance to tack on your air.

If you have to bail out at the leeward end there are few options. Clearing out to the right is rarely an option as you will have the bulk of the fleet on starboard.

If you are at the pin end and your plan was to head left, crack off a little to get speed and get to clear air as soon as possible.

Cracking off for clear air, generally only works if there are a small number of boats below you. It will take an eternity to reach clear air if in fact you ever do.

If you are forced to bail out, be patient and wait for the proper clear lane to get right. All the time keeping the boat moving fast.

Once on Port tack, you can look for another lane to tack back to the left.

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Use Your Eyes When Sailing

Use Your Eyes When Sailing. Using your eyes effectively whilst racing takes plenty of discipline and practice.

Work Out What You Are Looking For

First, you need to ascertain what it is that you are looking for, is it a mark, a puff coming towards you and does that puff look like it is a lift or header.

It may just be simply a case of working out where you will be situated when you meet competitors coming together on opposite tacks. 

Whichever the case may be, you must learn how to visualise ways you can turn what you see into an offensive or defensive manoeuvre.

If you are back in the fleet, you need to analyse how you can work your way through the boats ahead.

Think about what staying on the lifted tack may do and what that may mean as you approach a mark, a small gain here may put you in a world of pain as boats come together further up the track.

Might the better tactic be to take a short dig on a knock but which will mean that you are in a better position approaching the mark compared to the boats you are racing.

Train Your Eyes

The best way to train your eyes is to spend more time on the water and there is no substitute to having been in that situation before and having the experience to interpret it and respond accordingly.

 A good pair of Sunglasses are essential because they heighten the contrast made by the ripples on the water of an approaching puff and they help you also see the direction that the puff is moving.

Get used to looking for all things that are coming at you no matter whether they are puffs, waves or other boats.

Be Actively Looking Ahead

Be actively looking ahead and around the course and avoid simply staring at the bow as it goes through the water or the sails and telltales.

The simple message is to keep your eyes out of the boat and be continually evaluating the ever-changing chess board of wind, waves and boats on your racetrack.

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Sailing Gold Medalist Tips

Who better to get help with boat speed issues than Mat Belcher, current Olympic Gold medallist in the 470 class from Tokyo 2021. Olympic Gold Medalist Tips For Boatspeed and Changing Gears

I have copied below excerpts from an interview that I did with Mat in 2017 while he was waiting at the airport to travel to yet another overseas regatta.

Brett: Where would you look to change gears, before or after a puff hits? If you can see a puff coming towards you, do you start to make a few changes before or wait until it gets there?
 
Mat: Yeah, we do, we’re constantly…and I don’t know whether, I guess, my experience in this kind of thing is so relevant across classes because we’re constantly changing gears.

Every five seconds we’re doing something, whether the gust is approaching, just before the gust, during the gust, after the gust, or during the lull.

I think the gusts are very important but equally important is also the lull.

 That’s quite critical…and usually, that’s actually where you lose most of your opportunity to gain is actually during the lull and responding in time to make sure that you’re continuing the speed that you’ve harnessed, all the power, and really trying to get through that lighter period.
 
Brett: So how do you power up and power down with special reference to the order you do things in? What’s the best way to power up? 
 
Mat: It’s really quite boat-specific… Gold Medalist Tips

I think you’ve got the usual basic controls. You’ve got your out haul, you’ll let your Cunningham off, you’ll let all the vang off, and you can put your centreboard down, you can put your jib track forward.

There are so many different things, and depending on your boat if you can control your rake, you can maybe bring your rake up to match.

You can move forward a little bit in the boat. You can also possibly move your main sheet bridle a little bit more to windward. 

Brett: There’s a lot to remember, and I guess it all comes back to that time in the boat. It all needs to become second nature, you don’t have to think about it.  The other thing is having a system that works properly…
 
Mat:  Gold Medallist Tips For Boatspeed & Changing Gears – We talked about time, that’s a critical part. Spending time in the boat, but it’s also your understanding.

So typical…for me, it’s typically that I sail a lot of different classes, and when we have discussions about what different controls do on the boat, it surprises me that a lot of people just don’t know.

They don’t know when they pull that rope, what’s the effect or what’s that going to do?

It’s very difficult if you’re in a racing environment and the gust is very short, to do all these controls.

If you don’t know what it’s going to do, that’s quite a limitation.

Typically when you buy a new dishwasher, or you’re buying something, you don’t read the manual. I don’t read the manual at all.

My wife always tells me that “You got to read the manual, how do you know how to put it together?”

It’s the same when you get a boat for the first time or you’re sailing a 505 for example.
 You’ve got to really know and have the feel and play around, and just use all the controls and see what they do, and then you’ve got a much better ability with your added understanding of them.

Practice, keep changing.

Brett: What are some of the common mistakes you see racing sailors make when they change gears? Gold Medalist Tips

Mat: Different people obviously make different mistakes. I think trying to stick to the basics is critical. Make sure you’re doing things you know and know you can do well and quickly.

That would probably be depending on whatever level you are at. Make sure that you do the basics. The basics is just changing the vang tension. Then transitioning to your Cunningham and then maybe your centre board.

In a two-person boat, look at your weight control fore and aft in the boat. Just do the simple things right, you can’t really go wrong.

If you have the time and more experience, then you can really start to refine that. To get that extra meter or extra half a meter. The basics, from what I see most commonly, is that people are just trying to look at the small details.  They over-complicate it without actually doing the simple things.

Brett: If you had to help somebody in the middle or towards the back of the fleet most of the time, what is the one thing you would say to them that they need to do to start moving up the leaderboard?

Gold Medallist Tips For Boatspeed & Changing Gears – Preparation.

Focusing on your boat preparation or your crew preparation. The biggest thing for me is that you come to an event and everything’s already done.

It’s the work that…I guess at our level, is done outside of the racing environment.

Next, it’s preparation, it’s the sail testing, it’s the time in the gym, it’s where you stay in the accommodation, it’s the training coming into it, the loading, and really looking at the detail.

Then it’s usually things you can’t see that actually make the difference, and for me it’s just preparing, preparing well.

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How To Find More Speed

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA

How To find more speed is largely a matter of trial and error and getting to know your boat.

How To Find More Speed

You can set your sails so that they look right but to get the last fraction of boat speed you must experiment with different settings and shapes to see which ones give you the best results.

Even when you are out having a pleasure sail or taking friends for a ride,  experiment with luff, outhaul and leech tension, sighting up the sail to see what the sails look like after each adjustment.

As always, make notes about what worked and what didn’t so that next time you encounter similar conditions you can replicate the fast settings.

It is important to have reference points marked on sheets and the boat to enable you to faithfully reproduce the fast settings.

Use Your Visual Memory

Using your visual memory of what fast settings looked like is never enough.

Whenever you make an adjustment (depending on the conditions) remember that it can take a reasonable amount of time for the boat to speed up or slow down. 

Also, when a change has been made, it often takes the helmsman and crew a little time as well to settle into the new setup so don’t be too hasty in assuming the changes have not worked and then adjust something else.

Take time to analyse what has occurred by watching the other boats in your fleet.

Given the vagaries of the wind and water it is very difficult to decide whether a change in speed relative to your competition is due to weather, a couple of short sharp waves, your steering or your sail trim.

There is no substitute for time on the water to make you a better sailor, to improve boat handling and to be able to make effective trim adjustments.

More often than not it’s the better sailor who wins.

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Tips For Races and Regatta Sailing

Tips For Races and Regatta Sailing – Watching the Olympic sailing, with the silky smooth boat handling and tactics it got me thinking about the basic things that the rest of us at all levels below the Olympians must have instinctively dialled in.

In a multi-race series consistency is probably the big one but there are a number of other basic things that we should all practice and have committed to muscle memory.

A Few Tips In No Order Of Importance

  • Every time you bear off, all sheets should be eased out simultaneously.
  • When tacking, start the turn slowly and never allow your jib or genoa to back.
  • All controls should have a wide range of adjustments and be marked so you can replicate fast settings.
  • When reaching, move the jib lead forward and outboard to maximise power in the sail.
  • When approaching the weather mark, leave a little in the bank, maybe by half a boat length, this will allow for last-minute wind shifts, current, a bad set of waves or other boats.
  • When hit by a gust, ease sheets first before turning the rudder and always anticipate gusts by constantly looking up the course.

More Tips

  • On a multi-crewed boat, appoint one person as tactician and their eyes should always be outside the boat communicating the location of extra pressure, other boats, location of marks and tactical challenges as they develop.
  • When approaching another boat, keep your speed up because if you have to manoeuvre, it is always easier with speed.
  • Keep an eye on your masthead wind indicator as the wind often changes higher up first.
  • The masthead wind indicator shows apparent wind and the tail points the place where the next gybe will take you.
  • When steering with a wheel, never sit to leeward and stand up so you have a greater height of eye and will get a better indication of heel angle.
  • Off the wind, if the boat is rolling wildly, head up a few degrees to stabilise the vessel.
  • In an offshore race, if you have a radio on board, keep an ear on the weather forecast so you can plan ahead accordingly.
  • Measure the rake of your mast and compare measurements with fellow competitors in order to see what is fast and what is not.
  • At the end of each day’s racing, have a team de-brief to work out what went right or wrong so you can learn and improve.
  • Every member of the crew should have assigned jobs and in the case of new team members, a more experienced crew should partner with them to pass on knowledge and back them up.
  • Always use gloves, this is especially important if you are the Main or Spinnaker trimmer.

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Be A Great Offshore Crewmate

The best way to get asked back is to Be A Great Offshore Crewmate. 

I have just been following the Transpac online and that got me thinking. How could I get invited to be a part of the crew on one of the competing boats?

How To Be Asked To Come Again

Considering there are only 41 boats competing from a country with a population of some 325 million, it is a great privilege to be asked to participate as a crew.

If your ultimate ambition is to crew in the Transpac, Fastnet, Sydney to Hobart or any of the other great offshore races there are things that you can do to make sure that you are asked to participate.

Success in small boat racing is one of the most direct routes to getting noticed. Another way to be asked is to build a reputation of being a good shipmate.

To do this you must be a contributing member of the crew, thinking before acting to avoid making a mistake, being able to follow instructions and not being too shy to ask questions if you don’t understand the job you have been given.

Be A Volunteer

Always be prepared to volunteer for extra jobs. If there is a sail change called for or there are other jobs afoot such as winding a coffee grinder, don’t hold back. Offer to give someone a break even if it is not your job.

When it is time to go off watch, don’t be the first one down the hatch to your bunk. Make sure that the new watch has settled in. Volunteer to make coffee and snacks for the new team prior to retiring.

When you are rail sitting, hike hard and long setting an example for the others to follow, being cheerful even though you may be cold and feeling seasick.

When you are below, space is at a premium with equipment and personal belongings taking up all available space. Help up by keeping all your gear stowed in your bag or locker. Stow gear or things that aren’t yours or necessarily your responsibility.

At the change of watch, be the first out of your bunk and frocked up ready to go upstairs. Make your watch mates a coffee or snack. Start a dialogue with the retiring watch about what has been happening and what to expect.

At The End Of The Race

When you arrive at the destination of the race, don’t abandon the boat for the party straight away. Make sure everything is packed away and the boat is cleaned up as best as possible.

Now it’s time for catching up with fellow competitors and your team to relive the race over a few Bevvies.

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